The Individual s Stage Of Cognitive Development - 999 Words

2. If the individual is an infant, test for object permanence (see pp. 101-102 in your textbook). Describe both the test and the results. If the individual is a child, test his or her conservation skills using one of the tasks described on pp. 148-151 in your textbook. Describe both the test(s) and the results. What does performance on the object permanence or conservation task tell you about the individual’s stage of cognitive development in Piaget’s theory? If the individual is a child, adolescent, or adult, ask the individual to draw a picture of what a human being would look like if he or she had three eyes instead of two. Ask the individual where the third eye should go and why it should go there. Describe both the test and the results. Scan or take a digital photo of the drawing and upload the image to your course dropbox along with the submission version of these forms. What does this drawing tell you about the individual’s stage of cognitive development in Piaget’s theory? Can the individual think creatively about possible (hypothetical) worlds or is he or she stuck in concrete reality? I told Nina to draw a human with a third eye located anywhere she would like to place it. She decided to put the eye on the chin so the person could have a â€Å"broader view and different perspective†. Nina is in the formal operational stage of cognitive development. Instead of placing the eye on the forehead like a child would do, she placed it on the chin whichShow MoreRelatedPiaget And Vygotsky Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of cognitive development and, highlight both Piaget and Vygotsky’s theory as it relates to cognitive development, and the significant differences between them. The term cognitive development refers to the process of growth and change in intellectual, mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning and understanding. It comprises of the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge. Infants draw on social-emotional, language, motor, and perceptual experience and abilities for cognitive developmentRead MoreA Clinical Case Study On Mild Cognitive Impairment Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor changes in the way our brains work may be signs of cognitive changes. This essay showcases a clinical case study on Mild Cognitive Impairment. It describes the process of cognitive development according to theorist Jean Piaget. It overviews the three basic cognitive function of the brain. It explains several cognitive impairments related to the elderly. Last, it details cognitive assessment used to detection and measurement of cognitive impairments in the elderly. Case Study A 78-year-oldRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthe child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how the newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation; social interaction the zone of proximal development. The way thatRead MoreCognitive, Social And Personality Changes1011 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of behavior in different situation are known as personality. This paper will explore the cognitive, social and personality changes that occur when a person is 24 years old. One of the major issues in cognitive development has been â€Å"nature and nurture†, i.e. if cognitive development is mainly determined by an individual’s innate qualities (â€Å"nature†), or by their personal experiences (â€Å"nurture†). First, the age is characterized by physicalRead MoreCritically examine the contribution of Jean Piaget to our understanding of child development.1321 Words   |  6 Pagescontribution of Jean Piaget to our understanding of child development. Until the mid 1900 s psychologists had no useful theory for explaining how children s minds change as they age. Psychologists interested in this field either has to study it in relation to behaviourism, which emphasises that children merely receive information from the environment, or in relation to the IQ testing approach, which emphasises individual differences in children s development. However developmental psychologist Jean PiagetRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will betterRead MoreOutline the main similarities and differences between Piaget‚Äà ´s and Vygotsky‚Äà ´s explanations for cognitive development in children1702 Words   |  7 Pagesexplanations for cognitive development in children. Piaget and Vygotsky were both, looking into the same period of cognitive development in infants and children and sharing the same basic concerns. Piaget (1896-1980) developing his theory slightly earlier than Vygotsky (1896-1934) who worked to show that there were certain flaws in Piaget s theory of genetic epistemology. Vogotsky and his social-cultural theory of cognitive development might be seen as the Soviet counterpart to Piaget s western individualistRead MoreJean Piaget s Cognitive Theory Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pageswell-renowned twentieth century scholar responsible for the development of the Cognitive Theory, focusing on how people think over time, which, in turn, reflects in how how attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are shaped. Jean Piaget observed and divided the Cognitive Theory into four periods of cognitive development, which occur in the following order: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Of the four stages, each has it†™s own characteristics and developmental gainsRead Morejean piaget1284 Words   |  6 Pagesrevealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children. Piaget (1936) was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development.   His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s work, the common assumption in psychology was that children are merely less competent thinkers than adults.   PiagetRead MoreVygotsky s View On The Way Children Learn And How Information Is Delivered1509 Words   |  7 PagesVygotsky’s theory. Ann’s lessons also introduce the idea of the zone of proximal development and learning from a more knowledgeable other. The scenario also reflects Piaget’s theory about the stages of development. The majority of a year five class, according to Piaget’s cognitive stages (Duchesne McMaugh, 2016) would be in the concrete operational stage (Huitt Hummel 2003). At this stage of a child’s development, they begin to be able to think more logically and become more aware of other peoples

Analysis of Martin Luther Kings “Letter from Birmingham...

Martin Luther King Jr, an civil rights activist, fought for the rights of African Americans in 1963. King organized various non-violent demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama that resulted in his arrest. While in jail, King received a letter from eight Alabama clergyman explaining their distress and opposition to King and his followers actions. This letter occasioned his reply and caused King to write a persuasive letter justifying his actions and presence in Birmingham. Although King’s reply was addressed to the Alabama clergyman, its target audience was the â€Å"white moderate†. King understood that if he gained support from the average, indifferent white American that the civil rights movement would reach it’s goals much faster. In his†¦show more content†¦By using a biblical analogy King creates a common place between himself and the clergyman. A place where they can relate to a common idea, and have an understanding of what King was trying accompli sh while he was in Birmingham. The readers of Kings letter, eight clergyman, study the bible and respect it. They have deeply studied what apostles accomplished in the past and appreciate that their actions were for the greater good of mankind. If they compare King to the apostles, they would put more trust into his actions. Due to the religious background many â€Å"white moderatesâ€Å" posses, when they here words such as â€Å"gospel† or â€Å"Jesus Christ they automatically assume what King is speaking of is good natured and morally ethical. They understand the terms that King uses. By constructing a commonplace by using biblical analogies King gains the respect of the clergyman and â€Å"white moderate† by letting the commonality of their religious background make King appear to be good natured and respectable. An emotional antidote about, â€Å"†¦the stinging darts of segregation†(King). influences the clergyman’s conscious molding them into a more persuadable state and initiate an emotional uprising from the average white southerner. King uses antagonizing pathos through his antidote of a father and his young daughter, â€Å"†¦your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she can not go to a public amusement park advised onShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From A Birmingham Jail1488 Words   |  6 PagesObviously, again my primary motivation for writing my Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is that this is a requirement for my English Composition Class. My heartfelt motivation for writing my Rhetorical Analysis is the respect I have for Martin Luther King’s intelligence and commitment that he displayed for the equality of the African American population. In analyzing â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†, I developed an even stronger understanding of the dedicationRe ad MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail925 Words   |  4 PagesIn April of 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. found himself in a small cell in Birmingham Alabama, arrested for his participation in the peaceful protest of discrimination against African-Americans. King firmly believed that non-violent protest, in the form of sit-ins, boycotts, and picketing, would raise awareness of the prejudices African-Americans suffered and, in turn, lead to progress in gaining equal rights between the races. His â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† which he wrote during his incarcerationRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail1073 Words   |  5 PagesKing’s: The Letter from Birmingham Jail Luther writes in his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† informs and states why he is in jail, and the purpose of what he is in the middle of. Martin Luther King jr addresses that when he enters the jail he is quickly criticized. He supports his claim by first answering the statements he was asked and starting with explaining what unjust and just laws was as he quotes, â€Å"An unjust law is a human, law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. AnyRead MoreAnalysis of Dr Martin Luther Kings Letter from a Birmingham Jail610 Words   |  2 Pagesï » ¿Essay analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr :Letter from Birmingham Jail is a powerful piece of writing that graces the writings by Martin Luther. Part of the power lies in the use of rhetorical devices such as allusion to Biblical and historical figures, metaphors, and anaphora and how Luther used these stylistic devices and literary approaches to express his message, intention and express the mood of the letter making a masterpiece like no other letters beforeRead MoreMartin Luther King’s (Mlk) â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Argument Analysis1432 Words   |  6 PagesKyle McCrite Ms. Vaughn English 102-01 14 September 2009 Someone Else’s Shoes Martin Luther King’s (MLK) â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† was written in 1963 as a response to the Eight Alabama Clergymen’s public statement against King’s actions in April of that year. Martin Luther King Jr. was an activist for desegregation of the south in the early 1960s and overcame much adversity to attain incredible gains on the segregation issue in the United States. King uses effective persuasive appealsRead MoreSociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail1214 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Sociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail Abstract The paper analyses Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† from a sociological point of view and shows how three major theories (structural functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism) are treated in the letter. The paper shows different appreciation of King’s ideas and works by his contemporaries and modern people. It also explores the concepts of â€Å"nonviolentRead MoreMlk Rhetorical Analysis Essay example1178 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis on Martin Luther King Junior’s Letter from Birmingham Jail In Martin Luther King Junior’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, MLK uses ethos, logos, and pathos powerfully and effectively to present his argument that the discrimination of African Americans all over the country is unbearable and should be outlawed forever. King wrote the letter in Birmingham, Alabama after a peaceful protest against segregation which was King’s way of reinforcing his belief that without forceful, directRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesPower Analysis: Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail A statement from eight white clergymen from Alabama prompted Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†. This statement criticized Kings actions of non-violent protests against racial segregation and the injustice of unequal civil rights in America (Carpenter elt al.). The eight clergymen considered Birmingham to be â€Å"their† town and King was disrupting the â€Å"Law and Order and Common Sense† established in coping with racialRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead MoreAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1074 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King Jr. In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. was serving a prison sentence in a jail in Birmingham, Alabama for nonviolently protesting through sit ins and marches.. It was during this time that King, outraged by the criticism of his methods of nonviolent direct action, wrote one of the most thoughtful arguments for civil disobedience and direct action against unjust and immoral laws. King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a poignant rebuttal

Health Information Management

Question: Discuss about theHealth Information Management. Answer: Introduction: Quality is becoming one of the increasingly and predominantly section of our daily lives. Everyone is at a constant pace to look for it in products and the general services in provision. An existence of the desire is causing organizations and major firms to make a consideration as being an essential tool and component to any service and production process. (Ventola, 2014). In the health section, the need to improve quality is a strategic differentiator action tool to enhance sustenance and competitive advantages accrued. As a result, the productivity which implies to the patient's satisfaction will be at elevation levels to be able to save more lives. (Sultan, 2014). Health information plays a significant role in all the activities in the health care services, in this paper a justification for the statement that medical record and the supporting systems serve an excellent constitution and a critical importance in the composition of a high-quality health care. Role of Medical Records and Supporting Systems As an instructive part of the medical record system, it makes a bridge between the available gaps in the medical and no medical department. In so doing an open communication is calibrated which in turns enables a continuity of in the care provision to patients with ease, it implies that all services are carried out at the appropriate time. It is in control by the skilled personnel who are the medical record technicians and the supporting team play a great role in the setting good quality management among patients. (Raghupathi et.al, 2014). Apart from the trainee technicians, the governing body in place is the medical records committee which oversees every single activity in the place is carried out correctly, with this governing body all the department resumes full responsibility for the flow of information among the key players in the provision of health care services, with ease. In a different aspect, the departments' functionality is at the lead of core principles which will inclu de the need to possess the key competence attributes inclusive of producing an accurate and complete information which is delivered timely to the other caregivers who are legible to take responsibility. (Powell et.al, 2014). The major role of the department in good health dissipation is to safeguard all records and give out any relevant record and information when they are on demand. Principles for Efficiency in Medical Records The key principles in this department are it a valuable part of managing a good health provision in the health facility. (Nguyen et.al, 2014). It includes the principle that the hospital will have a correct maintenance and adequate medical record. As every individual who undergoes treatment and evaluation in different categories which include an outpatient, inpatient and also an emergency patient all have the need to receive the service of their records well documented in a certain state, which will have coverage in the significance in all clinical and all the information. It is a critical section, for if this part is not in existence at the facility, then a collision may be deemed to occur. (Musen et.al, 2014). At a different instance, all medical record have to be in a state of being available and easily accessible, meant to provide continuity of patient care in conjunction with other medical supporting staff. The information by the medical records department is at an anticipation point of giving a chance for easy retrieval so as the information is in use for medical education or rather in the research and quality assurance activities within the facility also a provision of statistical data relevant to making predictions and analysis. Effect of Medical Record on Performance To have a high-quality health, all the information acquired from the patient should always be confidential, thus all that it takes to make a real relation to the patient and their privacy it lies with the medical record department and its support. It is part of the stakeholders of the office to have an oath, which will be part of their bond of secrecy. (McPherson and Pincus, 2016). The paramedical staff have the duty to maintain medical records, with confidentiality and not divulge into any act of releasing the information without permission of the patients data. Medical information in the other hand will mean, a document which contains enough information and data which is in writings in a sequential manner of how the events are in occurrence. As the events will try to provide justification of all the diagnosis, as well as all the warrant to treatment in place and the end results documented and kept. An essential role of the medical record is the part it brings of contributing to professional care which is to render the patient when in and out of the health facility. (Hockenberry and Wilson, 2014). It also provides a reflection of the quality of care which is rendered by the institution, in return making the medical record and its supporting staff play a significant role in determining and monitoring most of the facility's activities thus initiating easy quality control. Uses of Medical Records The use of the medical records in place will play a role in helping in the provision of high-quality healthcare. To begin with, it is useful in establishing patients follow up programs part of giving proper medication and treatment. (Furukawa et.al, 2014). It is the duty of the medical record staff to ensure an appropriate follow-up is in place for every activity of patients and treatment is recorded. (Go et.al, 2014). In the verge of protecting and proving a safeguarding initiation of the physicians and also the surgeons so as they will stick to integrity, because of the doctor and specialists. They do not hold all the document in assessing the patient's record rather they are to give the necessary part which they will be in need for to be able to provide effective medication to the patient. Thus it leads to having the confidentiality of the patient maintained. The other aspect is that the records in place can be in use to teach the postgraduate and as well as the undergraduates, as case studies. (Cherry and Jacob, 2015). It foresees all the possible conditions the students might be facing in their field of profession and hence open a forum where all the information needed is in use as a teaching practical situation which helps the health care students get experience to handle medical cases. In the vast medical field statistics and real situation have to be a recommendation in the researching institutions. All medical facilities in drug manufacturing, thus the records from the department are in use for research purposes to be able to find out real figures which are in dealing to be able to get solutions to prevailing infections and a possible medication. (Bodenheimer et.al, 2014). In the health programs which are with the aim of controlling epidemic infections, the need for a well-analyzed information is a vital tool to be able to do correct budgeting on drugs and provision of services. It is hence into place that the information from the medical records will provide insight on the current cases of an infection and hence give room for proper planning on how to administer correct medication and control of such infections. (Babbott et.al, 2014). The urge to have a working system a useful attribute can be at the implementation of the use of the medical records on the manage ment of then hospital facility and use the records as a measure to help control the hospital, all the essential facts are in anticipation of the need for a quick informatics in the whole process to establish a working policy for the process. Outcome of Poor Record Keeping However, the receiving end of the quality of the registers should be on a check every time for if it is not in emphasis, then the consequences of having poor records are devastating as it will cause drastic eventual results. (Bates et.al, 2014). The quality of the files will have a depending factor to the individuals making the entries to the recording sheet. Thus, incomplete, and untimely and inaccurate records, will cause a problem in the flow of information in the chain of medical care of a patient. When this happens, a possible outcome will be a negative result as the medical prescription is to give will not match the conditions of the patients. Conclusion In conclusion, medical record, and the supporting system is one area in the health care sector which hold a significant percentage of promising to have an improvement in the safety and a high quality of health care in return. (Burwell, 2015). When technology is incorporation to this, it will have a massive turn on, for with the every day to day development of the technology provision of more efficient tools can be in place to help change the way most of the documentation is in the current situation in a few areas of the department. (Abdelhak et.al, 2014). An emphasis on the need to have information and communication flow in every place where it is required with ease and efficiency to be able to avail it when it is mostly in need. In a long time, the technologies have been the need for changing on how the information is in handling. As all the advancements are in place, and all the rules are strictly on a follow-up, the patients will be having a positive feedback for it is a major con nector to most of the departments and the only solution in handling patients and health care personnel information for monitoring of quality service provision. References Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S. and Hanken, M.A., 2014.Health information: management of a strategic resource. Elsevier Health Sciences. Burwell, S.M., 2015. Setting value-based payment goalsHHS efforts to improve US healthcare.N Engl J Med,372(10), pp.897-899. Bates, D.W., Saria, S., Ohno-Machado, L., Shah, A. and Escobar, G., 2014. Big data in health care: using analytics to identify and manage high-risk and high-cost patients.Health Affairs,33(7), pp.1123-1131. Babbott, S., Manwell, L.B., Brown, R., Montague, E., Williams, E., Schwartz, M., Hess, E. andLinzer, M., 2014. Electronic medical records and physician stress in primary care: results from the MEMO Study.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,21(e1), pp.e100-e106. Bodenheimer, T. and Sinsky, C., 2014. From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patientrequires care of the provider.The Annals of Family Medicine,12(6), pp.573-576. Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2015.Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management.Elsevier Health Sciences. Furukawa, M.F., King, J., Patel, V., Hsiao, C.J., Adler-Milstein, J. and Jha, A.K., 2014. Despite substantial progress in EHR adoption, health information exchange and patient engagement remain low in office settings.Health Affairs,33(9), pp.1672-1679. Go, A.S., Bauman, M.A., King, S.M.C., Fonarow, G.C., Lawrence, W., Williams, K.A. and Sanchez, E., 2014. An effective approach to high blood pressure control: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,63(12), pp.1230-1238. Hockenberry, M.J. and Wilson, D., 2014.Wong's nursing care of infants and children. ElsevierHealth Sciences McPherson, R.A. and Pincus, M.R., 2016.Henry's clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. Elsevier Health Sciences. Musen, M.A., Middleton, B. and Greenes, R.A., 2014. Clinical decision-support systems.InBiomedical informatics(pp. 643-674). Springer London. Nguyen, L., Bellucci, E. and Nguyen, L.T., 2014. Electronic health records implementation: an evaluation of information system impact and contingency factors.International journal of medical informatics,83(11), pp.779-796. Powell, A.C., Landman, A.B. and Bates, D.W., 2014. In search of a few goodapps.Jama,311(18), pp.1851-1852. Raghupathi, W. and Raghupathi, V., 2014. Big data analytics in healthcare: promise andpotential.Health Information Science and Systems,2(1), p.1. Sultan, N., 2014. Making use of cloud computing for healthcare provision: Opportunities and challenges.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.177-184. Salman, R.A.S., Beller, E., Kagan, J., Hemminki, E., Phillips, R.S., Savulescu, J., Macleod, M., Wisely, J. and Chalmers, I., 2014. Increasing value and reducing waste in biomedical research regulation and management.The Lancet,383(9912), pp.176-185. Ventola, C.L., 2014. Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses andbenefits.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,39(5), p.356.

Music the Outlet of Expression free essay sample

Rhymes and rhythms, beats and flows, violence and hate, peace and love, music Is a God given ability that we use to express ourselves and how we feel, to communicate and connect with people, to Inspire or break down dreams. Music Is defined not by notes on a sheet but by the people who construct every bar and the lyricists who paints pictures with their words. Music is also defined by the people who listen to it and those who criticize it and the authors ability to convey a meaning and keep them entertained.In The Bahamas music is a major part of Bohemian Culture. At anytime during the day while driving the streets of Nassau it is possible that one out of every 10 cars passed will be playing loud music. Festivals such as Kinkajou and Kinkajou in June draw large numbers of Bohemians who come to enjoy the music and the cultural based environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Music the Outlet of Expression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many deferent styles of music that Bohemians use to express themselves but from a cultural point of view Bohemian music Is, calypso, rake n scrape, and reggae.Though In recent times Bohemians have lost touch with what Bohemian music really Is and what Bohemian music presents.. A musical style influenced by jazz, Calypso (Musical Styles), usually has tropical improvised lyrics which can set a Caribbean atmosphere anywhere, at anytime and for anyone. Many of todays young people do not appreciate this musical style or know that is apart of Bohemian culture. In a survey conducted on C. O. B main campus, it was discover that 80% of students dont listen to calypso, and some students referred to calypso as being the music of the older generation of The Bahamas.It is evident that many young Bohemians are not in touch with their Bohemian roots and culture. Calypso music covers a wide range of issues that relate to real life, as experienced by the artists, and these are Issues such as love, greed, and oppression. Calypso Is better known as Combat and It dates back to the sasss In the time where Alphorns Highs (Blind Blake) ruled this form of music (calypsos. Org). It is said that Blind Flakes music was enjoyed by the former King, Duke of Windsor, who served as Governor of the Bahamas during World War II. As Ray Frank (Writer- calypsos. Org) states, there are many great artist of that time such as Maureen Devalued (Calypso Mama) and she performed in many hotels throughout The Bahamas, on cruise ships, in Cuba and New York. Clearly calypso music in The Bahamas is still prevalent but it is enjoyed and appreciated mainly by the older generations of Bohemians and those who live family islands of The Bahamas, as Im sure any Bohemian would agree.Calypso Is one style of music that is unique to The Bahamas and the Caribbean Islands, but a more popular style of Caribbean music Is rake n scrape. The music of dance, rake n scrape music Is usually accompanied by Bohemian Quadrille and the Heel and Toe Polka dances (Caribbean-guide. Info). When asked known of them knew how to perform them or where they originated from; clearly another indication that many Bohemian youth are not in touch with their roots and culture. It is understood that all Bohemian music such as calypso and rake n scrape has that somewhat mystical power to raise the oldest of audiences to get up and shake loose the stresses of the world Bohemian style. There are many renown rake n scrape artist such as Chippie The Boys and Edmund Mosey. Edmund Mosey is a Bohemian who was born on Ragged Island and his instrument of choice was the piano. His most famous and praised song is, Burma Road Boys Declare War On The Conchs Joe (Christian Justifies phantasmagorias. Com).Christian reviews this song making note of the racial overtones and of black Bohemians rioting against the white Bohemians referred to as Conchs Joes (phantasmagorias. Com). Through a small survey conducted I discovered that rake n scrape is not really known and most individuals were puzzled about the term rake n scrape, but when asked about rap artists like Ill Wayne they immediately knew who I was referring to. It is all but disgraceful that some many Bohemians are not interested in Bohemians music and insight it brings of the Bohemian culture.To prove the point that many Bohemians are not interested in Bohemian music listen to 100 Jams Friday and Saturday when listeners can request the songs they want to hear, no one ever requests Ronnie butler, Funky D or most recent K. B. With music there are various instruments that are unique to that style of music and with rake and scrape there is no difference Rake n crap music is produced with basically what would be found in a tool shed, except for the guitar other than that all you need is a steel saw, a file, a few goat skin drums and little skill.Calypso music and rake n scrape are more unique to The Carib bean Islands but reggae music in general is universal. A style of music blending blues, calypso, and rock-n-roll with strong syncopated rhythm and lyrics of social protest, reggae is one of the biggest forms of music in The Bahamas. Angelo Anthony Carter (Boy Blue) was born in Freeport Grand Bahamas and he is Just one of many famous Bohemian reggae artists (Mr.. Carter).One of the biggest known reggae groups in The Bahamas is Bah Men who not only dazzled The Bahamas but the world with their music and the hit single, Who let the Dogs out? As outlined on Bahamas. Com, The Bah Men group consists of an array of Bohemian men from different backgrounds who Joined forces to take Bohemian music and The Bahamas across the world (history). This style of music is really understood and appreciated by the youth of The Bahamas but the truth is the know more about foreign artists they do about Bohemian artist.Is this because foreign artist are better Han Bohemian artist? Twenty-five students were asked if they would prefer to listen to Bohemian reggae artist of a foreign reggae artist. There were quite a number of responses to this question, some individuals said that they dont have a favorite reggae artist and they dont know any Bohemian reggae artist, while others say that would always prefer foreign artist such as I-Sash, Sizzle, and Barrios Hammond over Bohemian artist such as Bah Men.The reason they gave was because they can relate to foreign artist. Obviously these individuals cant relate to Bohemian artist cause they are not in tune with their cultural roots. Reggae is a musical style that Jamaica, but Bohemians have developed their own style of reggae music that is to all Bohemians apart of the Bohemian culture, which some cant seen appreciate. There are also many concerts and festivals in The Bahamas that foreign and Bohemian reggae artists perform at, but the foreign artist always get the most appreciation form the crowd.This was seen at a the most recent concert in November A night of Love when Bohemian artist Jag Cure came one the stage he got a warm w elcome UT when Bennie Man came on the stage the crowd went ballistic with loud cheering, drinks being thrown in the air, and lighters being waved high in the air to welcome Bennie man. Music in The Bahamas is constantly growing and changing, and as new trends of music arise and new styles of music emerge Bohemians will be right there to add a little piece onto our culture. Many of todays Bohemian artists do not share the same the views as those artists who have come before them, as expressed by Ian. Many artists who are engaged in the music business in The Bahamas are portraying music as they perceive and understand it to be (Ian Claire- personal interview). The sense of music is derived from their morals, up bringing and what music means to the artists. Ian reveals that he assists any artists that cross his path, helping them to develop their voice, their vision and their music.He also states that Bohemians dont want to hear calypso, or rake n scrape, so artist are producing what sells, which is rap hip hop and reggae. In some aspect it can be said that Bohemian artist are not producing cultural music because many Bohemians dont want to hear it. Which is another indicator that unsung Bahamas are only Bohemian by birth right because so many dont know anything about their culture and what it means to be Bohemian. There are many different styles of music in The Bahamas but Bohemian music is and shall forever be rake n scrap, calypso and reggae. A vibrant means of expression, a tool to convey deep emotions of love, oppression and hate, music is an ever changing device of expression and shall continue to remain embedded in the hearts of Bohemians and Bohemian culture. The only thing left to do is to educate Bohemians about their our history and our culture, because when you know who are, hen you can appreciate everything that the Bahamas really means to Bohemians.

Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Essay Example

Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Essay Just how does the melding of the secular with that of the sacred obfuscate time and influence an audience and a country?   This is what Michael Leff sets forth to examine in his article â€Å"Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln’s Second Inaugural.†Ã‚   Relying in part on the works of Amy Slagell and Glen E. Thurow, both of whom have meticulously examined Lincoln’s famous address, Leff states that his goal is â€Å"to extend and complicate their findings in two respects†; however, what he goes on to prove does not fit so much with his stated goals as it proves his conclusion that â€Å"the speech is a verbal act that embodies the limitations of human action [. . .and that] Lincoln well understood the limits of any single voice in influencing the course of political history† (Leff). Leff’s hypothesis was that temporal disruptions and subsequent connections were created when Lincoln combined elements from the past, present, and future with elements of the secular and the sacred, and that these added up to a â€Å"creative equivocation.†Ã‚   Specifically, Michael Leff’s third paragraph declares, â€Å"first, I will argue that the speech builds to a creative equivocation in the middle of the third paragraph, an equivocation that blends the historical present into a conception of a sacred present.†Ã‚   What must be examined here is two-fold: first what a â€Å"creative equivocation† is, and second, what it means in the context of Leff’s analysis of Lincoln’s speech. We will write a custom essay sample on Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln’s Second Inaugural specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln’s Second Inaugural specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln’s Second Inaugural specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the seventh paragraph of his article, Leff implies that Lincoln’s words are non-partisan when he writes â€Å"the constraints [regarding the Civil War] are everywhere and apply to everyone† (Leff).   Here, Leff’s point seems to be that Lincoln has equivocated: both sides share blame and responsibility.   Leff follows this up in his eighth paragraph when he examines the area of Lincoln’s address that states, â€Å"Each [side] looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding.   Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other† (Lincoln).   This, too, implies Lincoln’s equivocation: Leff’s point is that Lincoln is deftly attempting to turn the North and the South away from residual internal conflict in consideration of their mutual obligation to God—without laying blame. When Leff begins his ninth paragraph with â€Å"Lincoln begins this section (i.e. the third paragraph of his speech) mindful of the divisions existing in the current historical situation,† he completely ignores Lincoln’s un-equivocated remarks that come later in the third paragraph of his inaugural address. If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses [. . .God] now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came [. . .].   Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsmans two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said ‘the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether’† (Lincoln). Clearly, Lincoln is stating that the South’s continuation of enslaving Africans was wrong in the eyes of God, and that if the war does go on, it only does so because all of America must repay the sins of the Confederate Army.   There is no equivocation here—creative or otherwise—and in ignoring this, Leff seems to be consciously avoiding the obvious flaw (i.e. contradiction) in a part of his hypothesis. The second point which Michael Leff intends to make is â€Å"to show that this conflation [of secular and sacred resulting in temporal shifting] is central to the form of the speech and serves as the vehicle for sustaining its major themes.†Ã‚   Attempting to prove this, Leff points to several sections within Lincoln’s speech that reference biblical passages and/or concepts, and while there is no doubt that Lincoln does make these references, Leff has overstated their purpose. Not wishing to diminish Lincoln’s speech in any way, one must still evaluate Lincoln’s biblical references within their historical context.   Lincoln does not use this tactic to shift his audience and his countrymen from the past to the present and into the future as hoped by Leff; he uses the one unifying thing that he can to attempt to overcome â€Å"the limitations of human action,† while â€Å"[understanding] the limits of any single voice in influencing the course of political history† (Leff).   In other words, in a country painfully divided, Lincoln has grabbed hold of the one potentially common element—Christianity—in the hope that it might serve to push through the fighting that had gone on and the wounds that still festered. Lincoln was only able to turn to the sacred as a means of unification of the secular because at the point in history at which he delivered his address, the country that was brutally divided over slavery, was predominately Christian.   Temporality had absolutely nothing to do with it. Leff’s work is not without merit: it adds depth to what had been the extent of the work surrounding Lincoln’s speech, and it adds new ideas to the available scholarship.   Unfortunately, it appears that Leff entered into his review with a concrete idea in mind and failed to see that what he set out to prove was somewhat different from what he did prove. nbsp;

Free sample - The Salad Bar. translation missing

The Salad Bar. The Salad BarBackground The introduction of Healthy salads by The Salad Bar is in a response to the rising cases of obesity in the country associated with eating unhealthy foods in fast food restaurants. Healthy salads are basically made from fresh farm produce such as lettuce and juices from fresh fruits will also be made, instead of the milkshake served in other fast foods outlets. Water will also be available at the convenience of the customers. The production and selling of the products shall take after the model of other restaurants such as In-n-out Burgers. Owing to the limited capital, the salad Bar will begin with a single restaurant with a plan to establish a countrywide presence in five years. By introducing these salads, The Salad Bar is looking forward to replacing the already existing market for fast foods with salads. Following this, customers will conveniently access healthy foods in any location in the country. As a result initial survey of the market indicates that the market for the new products exists. According to Jeffrey and French (1998), fast foods consumption and lack of exercise result in obesity and overweight situations (p.277). The combined effect of the healthy nature of the food, the favorable prices and the convenience in accessing the products will lead to increase in sales. The strength that the company has is convenience, and the strong product offered. The weaknesses include low capital and unreliable employees. The opportunities include favorable market, recovering economy, excited consumers and lack of stiff competition. The potential threats are the unpredictable economic situation, indecisive customers and financial instability.  Ã‚   Note that the current in research in the food industry indicates that parents as customers in this industry play a critical role in determining what is eaten by their children. Therefore, the development of advertisement plans would be tailored to focus more on attracting parents as customers for these salads. In addition, other adverts would target old people as most of them are on diet while others prefer natural foods with less fat. Therefore, these groups would form the major targets of the adverts which would be run on television, radio and the internet, especially on blogs. The adverts would run for a period of two weeks before launching these salads on the market. This is meant to create awareness among consumers and to assist them to realize and understand the need for healthier foods in their diet. Thereafter, these adverts would continue running, except that this time they would be on a less frequent basis; first to bring customers to an attention that there are healthy foods and to remind them on the places where these foods are found. Another area of focus would be on prices. On the other hand, outdoor promotions would also be important in the marketing of these foods. For instance, front-door promotions of actual food outside supermarkets, hypermarkets, etc. In consistency with this, the customers who visit these places would be able to visits the promotional stalls and taste these salads. As a result, these consumers would be presented by an opportunity to make their decisions on these foods based on facts in regard to the actual tastes of these foods. The advertisements and promotions of these foods are expected to increase the customer base of these products on the market. Notably, the creation of awareness of products among customers has been found to increase sales of products. In consistent with this, the promotion of these foods is expected to create a customer base. Furthermore, these promotions and adverts would alleviate the place of these foods in the market. On the other hand, these adverts and promotions are expected to increase sales and revenue in the short run. Therefore, these adverts and promotions should be run for the first three months as the market for these products is established. This would ensure a firm establishment of these products in the market as well as increase the revenues during this period. Additionally, this would also attract more customers to shift their buying behaviors towards spending their money on healthier foods. The items to be covered by the promotion are convenience, health and efficiency of the service. The foods served are low in carbohydrates and fats and include the following: organic and raw fruits, fat and grease free meats, fresh real fruit shakes, greens such as lettuce, vegetables such as green beans, snap peas, radishes, broccoli, avocadoes, tomatoes cucumbers, zucchini and carrots. Healthy meats such as lean beef, cooked shrimp, tuna and chicken breast will also be included. In addition, lemon juice, salad dressing and clear drinking water will be served if desirable. The expected net income for the first year of trading is 63,161. The net purchases for the year amounted to $61,000. Note that these were projected figures and they were expected to go higher or a little lower after the launching of the product in the market depending on the success of promotions and the advertisement campaign which was being carried out. In this respect, it was important to enhance the advertisement and promotional campaigns which were being carried out.

Humanitarian Action Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanitarian Action - Assignment Example Hieronymi main logic or deduction from his research is that interests and values based approaches to humanitarian action are not entirely mutually exclusive. However the effective combination of the two vices can significantly strengthen the arguments that are formulated in humanitarian’s action favor. Hieronymi supports this logic by referring to the humanitarian imperative. This is the value and ability engrained deep into the human soul that enables him to clearly distinguish between right and wrong.1 He argues that in everyday life, human beings are faced with various moral dilemmas. These dilemmas can be of varying nature and human beings are therefore placed in a precarious position where they have to decide whether to take action or not. For example when one witness an instance of child cruelty, there is the obvious urge to take intervene. However in certain circumstances, moral consideration may be out rightly rejected. This may be due to various political philosophies , for example in states under dictatorship where human cruelty may be a common norm. This is obviously a clear violation of human values and principles. Hieronymi uses various historical situations in the past to further support his argument. Hieronymi also elaborates on the interests that humanitarian crises touch and which inadvertly stimulates human beings to take action. The first one is the nature and values of the universe that the human being so closely covets. The second interest is the ‘importing’ of the suffering and trouble risk. The final interest is the aftermath costs of the crises, which would have been avoided had prevention measures been effected. Hieronymi further argues that when deciding whether to take humanitarian action, the interests of both the victims and the individuals or organizations of the people taking the action must be taken into consideration. There should therefore be a convergence of both interests. Hieronymi concludes his logic by s tating that values and interests are therefore the two most significant vices that govern humanitarian action consideration. David Rieff’s point of view in his publication A Bed for the Night is that humanitarian action may pose more problems if solved realistically. This is an opinion which clearly concurs with other critics like Waal, Michael Maren, Bernard Hours, and Peter Uvin. He argues that humanitarian action is a futile enterprise whose effects may be fatal and this makes him unique from other literature writers because he first acknowledges the complexity of the issue call for a proper preparedness. His writing seeks to attack the common approach of relief programs and advocacy initiatives that are increasingly being applied by humanitarian agencies.  

Surrogate Mothers and Human Enhancement Dilemmas Assignment - 1

Surrogate Mothers and Human Enhancement Dilemmas - Assignment Example   Moreover, the mother becomes alienated from her labor as well as the child thus violating the mother’s right to consideration. Through the concept of alienation, Anderson (1990) further indicates that commercial surrogacy reduces pregnancy to a form of drudgery performed for money motives, which is against the societal norms. What’s more, Anderson (1990) responds to the objection that the women sign a contract and agreed to be surrogate mothers by articulating that the contract does not guarantee the surrogate mother peace of mind as it merely treats moral transformation as any other economic exchange. Disparagingly, the surrogate agency strives to strike the best deal while leaving the surrogate mother in a position that she can hardly protect and/or serve her interests. Moreover, the woman might have signed the contract out of desperation and vulnerability, a factor which exposes her to exploitation by surrogate agency hence mothers should be allowed to decide what to do with the pregnancy, and surrogate contracts should not be enforceable (Anderson, 1990). Biotechnology is often used in enhancing human nature. However, the entire concept is often contentious with proponents and critics articulating various reasons for and against the use of biotechnology in enhancing the nature of human beings. Buchanan (2009) responds to the objection of using biotechnology to enhance the nature of human beings by accentuating that people possess some characteristics that are not always ideal whereas Parens (2005) provides a context-specific of female Viagra to indicate why biotechnological enhancements are not always viable. Human beings, from a philosophical standpoint, consist of dispositions that shape their behaviors.  

Globalization and Culture Global Mlange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization and Culture Global Mlange - Essay Example He explores the culture thoroughly as the geological barriers have been removed by the technology and migration of people today. He started off with the definition of globalization which may differ from the common meaning of it. Other people consider globalization to be a single perspective only wherein the main focus is on the business side or the expansion of the corporate world. In reality, globalization is a multidimensional process wherein culture, politics, economics and social dynamics are all factors that shape the face of globalization. They may all differ from one another and can be very distinct, but they all mingle and affect globalization (Pieterse 14). The changes then bring about the huge impact on the culture of people around the world. Pieterse particularly focused on culture as it contains the values, beliefs, and norms of people that affect the social dynamics. He then attacks the current cultural change with a concept of mà ©lange as he distinguished it from the common perspectives of multicultural existence like homogenization and clash of the civilizations. Homogenization, as the word implies, pertains to the oneness or uniformity in any particular thing which means cultural homogenization is the presence of uniform culture. It is attributed to the advancement of businesses around the world. Some people pointed out that corporations and businesses like the franchise fast food chains together with capitalism drive the world into a cultural homogenization. They also call it Mc Donaldization as named after the largest fast food chain in the world (Pieterse 51-55). Perhaps it is maybe the cause of the homogenization as the brands and endorsements of big businesses affect the lifestyle, norms, values, and beliefs of people. The cultural change then follows as the businesses expand.

Examining The Evolution Of Integrated Circuits Information Technology Essay

Examining The Evolution Of Integrated Circuits Information Technology Essay In electronics, an integrated circuit also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuits mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. Invention The idea of an integrated circuit was conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (1909-2002), who published it at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on May 7, 1952. He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas. Dummer unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. The integrated circuit can be credited as being invented by both Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor working independently of each other. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 and successfully demonstrated the first working integrated circuit on September 12, 1958. In his patent application of February 6, 1959, Kilby described his new device as à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"a body of semiconductor material wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated.à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit. Robert Noyce also came up with his own idea of integrated circuit, half a year later than Kilby. Noyces chip had solved many practical problems that the microchip developed by Kilby had not. Noyces chip, made at Fairchild, was made of silicon, whereas Kilbys chip was made of germanium. Early developments of the integrated circuit go back to 1949, when the German engineer Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device showing five transistors on a common substrate arranged in a 2-stage amplifier arrangement. Jacobi discloses small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent. A commercial use of his patent has not been reported. A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares (wafers), each one containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which looked very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951s Project Tinkertoy). However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC. The aforementioned Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p-n junction isolation caused by the action of a biased p-n junction (the diode) as a key concept behind the IC. Scale of integration Small Scale Integration (SSI): SSI were the first integrated circuits, which contained only a few transistors. They consisted of circuits, containing transistors numbering in the tens. SSI circuits were vital to early aerospace projects. The Minuteman missile and the Apollo program both needed lightweight digital computers for their inertial guidance systems. the integrated-circuit technology development was led by the Apollo guidance computer, while the Minuteman missile bolstered it into mass-production. The purchase of almost all of the available integrated circuits from 1960 through 1963, was from these programs, and basically almost provided the demand that funded the production improvements. In turn this got the production costs from $1000 per circuit (in 1960 dollars) to a mere $25 per circuit (in 1963 dollars). They began to become used in consumer products at the turn of the decade, for example in FM inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers. Medium Scale Integration (MSI): In this devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip. Also, these cost little more to produce than SSI devices, and also allowed more complex systems to be produced, using smaller circuit boards and less assembly work (due to fewer individual components). Large Scale Integration (LSI): Large-Scale Integration ( LSI ) by the mid 1970s. Chips now were developed with tens of thousands of transistors. Integrated circuits such as 1K-bit RAMs, calculator chips, and the very first microprocessors had under 4000 transistors and saw a moderate quantity of manufacture in the early part of 1970. True LSI circuits, were approaching 10000 transistors and began to be produced for computer main memories and second-generation microprocessors in around 1974 . Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI): Starting in the 1980s and continuing through to this day, was Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI). This starts with hundreds of thousands of transistors in the early 1980s, and continues beyond several billion transistors as of 2007. No single breakthrough allowed the increase in complexity. Manufacturing moved to cleaner fabs and smaller rules, which allowed them to produce chips with more transistors with adequate yield, (summarized by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors). Design tools also saw much improvement, this was enough to make it practical to finish the designs in reasonable times. Energy efficient CMOS replaced NMOS and PMOS, which avoided a prohibitive increase in power consumption. Many other factors helped also. By 1986 the first one megabit RAM chips were introduced, these contained more than a million transistors. 2005 saw microprocessor chips passing the billion transistor mark. The trend continues largely unabated, with chips introduced in 2007 containing tens of billions of memory transistors. Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI): Ultra-Large Scale Integration was proposed for chips of complexity of more than 1 million transistors. Wafer-scale integration (WSI): Wafer-scale integration (WSI) is a system of building extremely large integrated circuits that uses a whole silicon wafer to produce a single super-chip. Through a combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably in massively parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term Very-Large-Scale Integration, the current state of the art during the development time of WSI. System-on-a-Chip (SoC or SOC): It is an integrated circuit where all the components needed for a computer (or other system), are included on a single chip. The design of this device can be costly and extremely complex, and also building disparate components on a single piece of silicon, could compromise the efficiency of some of its elements. Nevertheless these drawbacks are offset by low manufacturing and assembly costs, and by a vastly reduced power budget (as the signals among the components are kept on-die, much less power is required). Three Dimensional Integrated Circuit (3D-IC): It has two or more layers of active electronic components, these are integrated both horizontally and vertically into a single circuit. Communication between the layers relies on on-die signaling, so the power consumption is lower than that of equivalent separate circuits. Sensible use of short vertical wires can substantially reduce the total wire length, for faster operation and efficiency. Classification of ICs by Structure: 1.Monolithic ICs 2.Hybrid or Multichip ICs Thin film Thick film Monolithic ICs: In these ICs all circuit components (i.e. active and passive) are fabricated inseparable within a single continuous piece of silicon crystalline material called WAFER. In Monolithic ICs all components are formed simultaneously by a diffusion process. Then a metallization process is used in interconnecting these components to form the desired circuit. Hybrid ICs: In Hybrid ICs passive components (such as resistors and capacitors) and the interconnection between them are formed on an insulating substrate, the substrate is used as a chassis for the integrated components .Active components such as transistors and diodes, as well as Monolithic ICs are then connected to form a complete circuit. Hybrid ICs are further classified as Thin Film and Thick Film, depending on the method used to form the resistor, capacitor and related interconnections on the substrate. 1.Thin Film: When a suitable material is evaporated on substrate informing resistors, capacitors and interconnections, a Thin Film Hybrid IC is obtained. 2.Thick Film: When the resistors, capacitors andinterconnections are etched on the substrate by silk screening, a Thick Film Hybrid IC is obtained. Classification of ICs by Function: Linear ICs: They perform amplification and other essential linear operation on signals. Non Linear ICs: They require only ON-OFF operation of the transistor, thus the design requirements for these circuits are less stringent than those of linear ICs. ICs can be classified into ANALOG, DIGITAL and MIXED SIGNAL Digital integrated circuits: It contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers work using binary mathematics to process one and zero signals. Analog Integrated cicuits: It contains sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like amplification, active filtering, demodulation, mixing, etc. Analog ICs ease the burden on circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available instead of designing a difficult analog circuit from scratch. Mixed integrated cicuits: ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to create functions such as A/D converters and D/A converters. Such circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must carefully account for signal interference. IC TERMINOLOGY Some common terms used in fabricating ICs are: Bonding: Attaching the die on ceramic substrate and then connecting the leads to the package. Chip: An extremely small part of silicon wafer on which IC is fabricated. Circuit Probing: Testing the electrical performance of each IC chip with the help of microscope. Diffusion: A process that consist of the introduction of impurities into selected regions of a wafer to form junctions. Encapsulation: putting a cap over the IC and sealing it in an inert atmosphere. Epitaxy: A process of controlled growth of a crystalline doped layer of silicon on a single crystal substrate. Mask: A glass plate with desired pattern of diffusion or metallization. Metallization: A process for providing ohmic contacts and interconnections by evaporating aluminum over the chip. Photolithography: A process to transfer geometrical pattern from the mask to the surface of the wafer. Photoresist: A light-sensitive material that hardens when exposed to ultraviolet light. Wafer: A thin disk of semiconductor in which number of ICs are fabricated simultaneously. Advantages of ICs over Discrete Components: Extremely small physical size Low power consumption Reduced cost Increased system reliability Increased operating speed Increase equipment density Improved function performance High yield Advances in integrated circuits Along with the advanced integrated circuits are that of the cores or microprocessors, which handle many of todays appliances from computers and cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital memory chips and ASICs are examples of other groups of integrated circuits which are important to the modern information society. Whilst cost of designing and developing a complex integrated circuit is high, when costs are spread across typically millions of production units, the individual IC cost is reduced. The performance of Integrated circuits is high as the small size allows short traces, which then allows low power logic (for example CMOS), to be used at quick switching speeds. Integrated circuits have constantly migrated to smaller feature sizes over time thus, allowing more circuitry to be placed on each chip. The increase in capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and increase functionality, this can be seen in Moores law where it states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years in a modern interpretation. Normally as the feature size shrinks, there can be seen improvements in everything. The cost per unit and the power consumption of switching go down, and the speed goes up. Integrated circuits with nanometer-scale devices have a variety of problems, one of which being current leakage, however these problems are not unconquerable and it is likely they will be solved, or improved at least, by the introduction of high-k dielectrics. As the power consumption and speed gains are apparent to the end user, there is competition among manufacturers to use finer geometries. The process/expected progress over the next few years, is described by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Popularity of ICs   Only a half century after their development was initiated, integrated circuits have become ubiquitous. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies. That is, modern computing, communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet, all depend on the existence of integrated circuit. Future scope of integrated circuits The future of integrated electronics is the future of electronics itself. The advantages of integration will bring about a proliferation of electronics, pushing this science into many new areas. Integrated circuits will lead to such wonders as home computers.or at least terminals connected to a central computer .automatic controls for automobiles, and personal portable communications equipment. The electronic wristwatch needs only a display to be feasible today. But the biggest potential lies in the production of large systems. In telephone communications, integrated circuits in digital filters will separate channels on multiplex equipment. Integrated circuits will also switch telephone circuits and perform data processing. Computers will be more powerful, and will be organized in completely different ways. For example, memories built of integrated electronics may be distributed throughout the machine instead of being concentrated in a central unit. In addition, the improved reliabil ity made possible by integrated circuits will allow the construction of larger processing units. Machines similar to those in existence today will be built atlower costs and with faster turn-around.

Automobile Safety - Slaughter on the Highways Essay -- Argumentative P

Slaughter on the Highways If there is one thing that is largely ignored in our society, it is the sheer slaughter that takes place daily on our roads and motorways/highways. It just doesn't get the same media and political attention as crime and drugs do, even though the number of road deaths is far greater than in both of these categories. When politicans want to raise their popularity they nearly always talk about the high number of deaths from drugs and the like, and what measures they are going to introduce to bring these down. You rarely hear anything about major campagins to reduce road deaths. There is no votes in road safety ! Why ? - Because it just does not get the proper attention it deserves. If you piled up the bodies from just one year of road accidents, it would be called a massacre. If you look at the statistics and compare them with all other categories, in practically every western nation, road deaths are the single biggest killer of young people and then it is followed by other things like violent crime and drugs. The levels of the latter two are quite variable from country to country, but they are still always lower than road deaths. As an example, we will examine the statistics for Ireland, which would be reasonably average in that it lies in the middle of the best and worst of western nations. In Ireland which has a population of about 3.5 million people, around about 400 people are killed on the roads every year. This means over the course of just one year you have a 3,500,000/400 = 1 in 8750 chance of being killed. These odds are very high. If you thought you had these chances of winning the lotto, you would be delighted. The thing is, we are all in the road death lotto every day and we are f... ...in society. We simply should not accept things as they are. Why not aim for targets approaching zero or are you willing to say when your husband/wife or young daughter or son is killed that - Ah well these are the risks we take for the convenience of the motorcar. It's at that point you will be wishing that all individuals in society had not been willing to take the risks and had acted to reduce them and prevent your personel tragedy. After all, don't we all act to reduce other risks, such as house fire insurance, which is a much lower risk ? These targets can be reached and there are almost limitless minor technical tricks that can be employed to help bring about that situation. In fact maybe someone could make a start on the web site mentioned above and someone else produce the data for the booklet, (above also). The rest after that is largely politics !

Project Manager Job Description Essay

Since the Project Manager position is a newly created job within LRH Products, it is necessary to assess and describe the various functions assigned to this role, as well as understanding how the concept of project management works within the company (Mullaly, 2008). The specific duties and functions for the project manager at LRH have been broken down here into three component areas: competencies, leadership, and organizational responsibilities. Competencies  The project manager must have the ability to create and execute project plans and revise them as necessary according to changing requirements as well as identifying the necessary resources and assigning staff to specific tasks. This requires day-to-day assessment of the project’s progress along with quality assurance of completed tasks. Another competency is the ability to create a realistic budget and ensure that the team is staying within these financial constraints. In order to do so, a basic understanding of profit & loss statements as well as forecasting, is required. The ability of the project to stay within budget needs to be communicated to appropriate senior managers on a regular basis, as well as timely updates on progress. Meetings with team members must be scheduled and properly facilitated. Information must be disseminated in an appropriate form/forum, with particular attention paid to problems or possible risks which may occur over the course of the project. More detailed presentations may be required, depending on the directives of senior management. Tangible results expected from each project must be appropriately conveyed in order for a project to be considered successful. Because so much of project management is automated through the use of technology, part of the project manager’s burden is to stay up-to-date on the latest software and hardware which aids in the ability to achieve the goals of the position. As well, the project manager must work closely with the IT department of the organization, which can implement necessary additions and changes to the current system. A basic understanding of LRH Products’ network, system, database, client/server architecture, and application programming is necessary for effective communication with the IT staff members. Leadership The ability to lead a team is of utmost importance when performing the duties of project manager. The team members’ development rests squarely on the shoulders of the manager as well as the duty of being able to implement changes within the group as necessary. This begins with being a positive role model and offering mentoring services to the staff. One of the more difficult aspects of leadership is identifying team members who demonstrate opportunities for improvement and handling suggestions to achieve improvement in a tactful and constructive manner. Members of the team must be motivated and encouraged to perform at their utmost capability. This is achieved through the use of acknowledgement of the contributions from each employee as well as a display of appreciation for their efforts. Conflicts will arise, and it is up to the project manager to handle these swiftly and efficiently. The manager must stay in constant communication with the team. Activities planned outside of the normal day-to-day duties of work should also be part of effectively leading and motivating a team. Organizational Responsibilities Part of managing the team’s human resources involves giving performance evaluations to team members as well as working with each to identify and execute personal goals within the organization. Training, beyond the usual provided by the company, may need to be scheduled to appropriately facilitate development. Team members should be encouraged to undertake their own developmental measures, as well. LRH Products will always experience room for improvement of its current processes and a project manager is expected to make recommendations to achieve this. Of course, the standard policies and procedures must be upheld while ensuring compliance of such by the manager’s team members. Another important aspect of the project manager’s duties is to be innovative in developing and designing new projects which will contribute to the company’s overall success. Each project implemented must be completed in a timely manner and within budget constraints to assure success; the six phases from IT project management guidelines include Planning, Analysis, Design, Construction, Test, and Rollout. The project manager must oversee each phase as well as foreseeing and reacting to any risks and changes which may occur along the way. Staying up-to-date on, and utilizing, current technology is a an important component of this aspect. These three areas of project management: competencies, leadership, and organizational responsibilities, all interact. Successful implementation of each area is vital to achieve success in this position.

Case Study Analysis Essays

Case Study Analysis Essays Case Study Analysis Essay Case Study Analysis Essay Case Study Analysis Name: Institution: Date: Case Study Analysis 1. The section on the principles of screening and testing deals with the issue of ethics in the testing and identification of disease as this may have a social and economic effect on the process itself. Screening programs introduced without the reflection upon its opportunity cost can result in false results from these tests (Chadwick, 2001). Testing is defined as correct when it follows principles of impartiality, consistency and validity. Ethics should also be applied in screening as screening can help identify patients at risk for disease and illness at a stage where prompt intervention could increase chances of survival for a patient. 2. By far, the most fundamental aspect of a test is that it is precise. This is achieved by first determining the most specific and responsive test in relation to the malady being sought. There needs to be a balance between these two criteria. A highly specific test can only state that a person has a high probability of having the disease, which leads to the possibility of a false negative while a highly specific test will only detect one who has symptoms for that particular disease and this could lead to a false positive. Both outcomes are highly unfavorable, as false negative results would then cause delays in patients’ diagnosis while false positive results could end up creating diagnosis where there is none (Chadwick, 2001). After a test is conducted there needs to be an precise interpretation of the results, and since this is done in connection with other issues specific to the patient such as their medical history, the goal is to interpret the results with as small a margin for error as possible. Further, given the method of testing for a given disease, some risk is bound to attach with some procedures and thus the goal is to first start with the safest and noninvasive procedures before moving on to radical alternatives. The patient’s safety and comfort must be weighed against the necessity of the test. The case study deals with the ethical issues that come with insensitive tests that may lead to false positive results. False positive results create diagnosis, and this is shown when the test shows positive results for marijuana in one who has taken ibuprofen. Tina comes across test results she believes should show the opposite and ends up faking results, this negates the point to the test as the testing should be done impartially meaning that the tester should not favor the test no matter what the outcome (Chadwick, 2001). Tina was obligated to go with the test results she had without bending to emotion based on her personal relationship with the tested party. Tina also should push her boyfriend for a more accurate test as she is aware of the unreliable nature of the testing method. Thus, when in doubt, she should recommend further testing of a more specific nature to cases that would require further examination. As to whether Tina is justified in working for a company that lets people lose their jobs for no sufficient reason, the blame should be accorded to the testing methods and not to the tester. It is well clear that a more specific test would also be more expensive than a standard the standard one conducted by Tina and it would be impractical in terms of cost to subject everyone to this mode of testing. Reference Top of Form

Antonio Vivaldi Essays - Operas, Antonio Vivaldi, Anna Gir

Antonio Vivaldi Essays - Operas, Antonio Vivaldi, Anna Gir Antonio Vivaldi Antonio Vivaldi was born in Venice on March 4th, 1678. Through ordained a priest in 1703, according to his own account, within a year of being ordained Vivaldi no longer wished to celebrate mass because physical complaints ?tightness of the chest? which pointed to asthmatic bronchitis, or a nervous disorder. It is also possible that Vivaldi was faking his illness. There is a story that he sometimes left the alter to jot down a musical idea. He had became a priest against his own will, because priesthood was often the only way possible for a poor family to obtain free schooling. Vavaldi wrote many memorable concertos, such as the Four seasons and the opus 3, he also wrote many works for students. People and students still play these pieces all over the world. Vavaldi was employed for most of his working life by by the Ospedale della Pieta. Often termed orphanage, this Ospedale was in fact a home for the female offspring of noblemen and their numerous dalliance with their mistresses. Many of Vavaldi?s concerti were indeed exercises which he would play whith his many talented pupils. Vavaldi?s relationship wth the Ospedale began right after his ordination in 1703, when he was named as the violin teacher there. Until 1709, Vavaldi?s appointment was renewed every year and again and after 1711. They think between 1709 and 1711 Vivaldi was not attached to the Ospedale. They think he might started working for the Teatro Sant? Anngelo an opera theater. He was still was a composer though, in 1711 twelve of his concertos were written and and published in Amsterdam. In 1713 Vavaldi was given a months leave from the Ospedale to stage his first opera, it was called Ottone in ville. He did this opera in Vicenza. He produced another opera in the period between 1713 and 1714. Thse highest part of Vavaldi?s life was the end of 1716. In November he managed to have the Ospedale perform his great oratorio, it was called the Juditha Triumphans devicta Holofernis barbaric. This piece was about the victory of the Christians over the Turks in August of 1716. Vavaldi Moved to Mantua in the late 1717 for two years in order to take up his post as Chamber Kapellmeister at the court of Landgrave Philips van Hessen Darmstadt. His task there was to provide operas, cantatas, and perhaps concert music, too. Vavaldi in 1720 returned to Venice where he again staged new operas that he wrote himself. In Mantua he had met a singer by the name of Anna Giraud, she moved in with him Vavaldi said that she was just a housekeeper and agreat friend, just like her sister, Paolina, who also moved in. Anna Giraud was young, born in Venice. She was daughter to French wigmaker. She was?nt beautiful, though she was elegant, a small women with beatiful eyes and a fascinating mouth. She had a very small voice, but she could speak many languages. Vivaldi taught her how to sing and stayed with her until he died. Vavaldi wrote works for commission from foreign rulers, such as the frech king, Louis XV. He serenaded La Sena festeggiante at the festival of the Seine. The bad thing is that they can not date this music, but they know it was written after 1720. In rome Vavaldi found a patron in the person of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, a great music lover, who earlier had been the patron of Arcangelo Corelli. Vavldi himself was asked by the pope to play the violin for him at a private audience. He totally loved it, it also was a great time in his life. Despite his stay in Rome and other cities, Vivaldi remained in the service of the Ospedale della Pieta, he was nominated the Maestro di Concerti. He had to send two concertos per month to veniceand he received a ducat per concerto. His presence was never required. He also remained dictator of the Teatro Sant Angelo, as he did in the 1726, 7 and 8 seasons. Between 1725 and 1728 eight opera were made by Vavaldi. In three months Vavaldi composed three operas, two for Venice and one for florence. During these years Vavaldi also extremely active in the field of Concertos. In 1725 the publication of Il Cimento dell?Armenia e dell?invenzione and opus 8, appeared in Amsterdam. this consisted of twelve concertos, seven of which were descriptive: The Four Seasons, Storm at Sea, Pleasure and The Hunt. Vivaldi transformed the tradition of descriptive music into a typically Italian musical style with its unmistakable timbre in which the strings play a big role. These concetos were enormously successful, particulary in france. In the second half of the

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Compare and contrast - Essay Example For example, if something sad happen, and then it is going be heart wrenchingly sad. If something is happy, then it is over the top on cloud-nine happy. Whereas American dramas on the other hand, are not melodramatic, the characters seem to have real emotions. For example, if something sad or bad happens, the character seems to run through a day or less of denial, regret and crying. When the situation is happy, then it is just jumping up and down, nothing special like the Korean dramas. People still love watching them, especially the 90’s dramas. Second, the situations the Korean characters go through are not realistic at all. For example, in King of Baking, Kim Takgu the main character Kim Takgu, runs away from his father’s family to strive and find the person who kidnapped his mother, after that he finds a gang member and the gang member told him to get beat in order to find his mother’s location, rather than going to the police officer. He gets distracted by t he secrets of baking. Whereas American dramas tend to be realistic and the topics and situations that could happen to the person next door, the characters may be unique, but if character’s the acting gets ridiculous, then the show does not last very long. For example, in the Ringer the posted girl for the former WB, even Sarah Michelle Gellar could not intrigue the viewers. Third, Korean drama makers, invests so much in following what the fans say. They invest emotionally in the drama. People will watch the drama, go online and discuss it. The Korean drama makers read/re-read the recaps, watch the previews and sometimes if the makers will follow it and that makes such an improvement to the drama. Whereas American drama makers do not seem to have that kind of influence on their viewers. It may be intriguing while it is currently showing, but once it is over or even showing on TV the audience seems to have lost interest or have forgotten the show. Also, the viewers do not seem to have the patience to stay around if the acting is really bad or the story has holes in it. Fourth, Korean dramas will revolve with family issues. For example, pleasing family members/ maintaining family reputation. Even when the main character is trying to solve or doing something there is always family influence. Also, there is this issue of â€Å"what people think of the main character† . Whereas American dramas, they will generally deal with people who are having trouble finding themselves, making their own way in the world and they have the attitude of â€Å" be your own man† kind of attitude. Fifth, Korean characters have this unique innocence and clueless in them. For example know about sex, never been kissed, fighting is horrific, but there are Korean dramas that adhere American aspects whereas American dramas find innocence as ignorance. Lastly, Korean dramas are a bit more corny and cheesy and also in Korean dramas, people are brought to tears and they well say if it's done well â€Å"oh I feel sorry for her†. Whereas In American dramas if a girl was in love, but she is diagnosed with some rare disease, people say â€Å"oh yea, what are the odds?† From American perspective of making dramatic films or TV series, the Korean melodramatic theme may be a flop or just plainly a turn off from their traditional sense of taste of how a drama flick should be. But this traditional perspective is slowly eroding and changing as Korean

Diversity Trip Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity Trip - Research Paper Example For instance, Cumberland is associated with vast views across Beadon Cove, Cohansey Cove and Dyer Cove bays among others. In the case of String town, the Bakers Bay offers fascinating views. On the other hand, the Venetian Bay offers the Park side estate a fascinating outlook characterized by serene environment. In essence, the three estates are surrounded by vast natural scenes that make them not only attractive but also fascinating. Younger children will have fun in integrating the theory perspective learnt in class about these scenarios with the practical aspect (Black, 39). A child’s world view on these estates differs depending on the distinguishable features. For instance, the numerous bays in South Cumberland creates fascinating scene for the children. The appearance and the pattern of the houses integrated in a well structured street lighting system is an interesting view of the children. This motivates the children learn more about these features and consequently they get the educational motivation and personal satisfaction. Similarly, the String town estate creates a more welcoming feeling for the children who live in the urban suburbs. It offers a sense of better living standards (Black, 57). The children find this estate more friendly because of few people, few passenger buses and numerous bays and beaches. The numerous swimming pools across the estate adds comfort and a sense of belonging to the children. In the case of the Park estates, the children feel isolated and lonely due to the lifestyle of the locals and the sparsely located ap artments. However, this estate offers a pleasant hunting and playing environment for the children. The green and safe forests offer the children a fascinating playing ground for games such as hide and seek. In essence, the three estates offer the children spectacular scenes and comfort irrespective of their background in terms of personal dynamics. It is imperative to note that the children

Online Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online Education - Essay Example This paper approves that the student responses published on the online message boards give the students a chance to share their views and ideas. The students can choose to have a virtual social life by forming online communities and groups. Considering the fact that the students pursuing online courses hail from diverse locations, belong to different age groups, have variegated professional backgrounds and are more diverse in their interests and affiliations, the online education certainly offers a more full bodied and enlightening academic environment to its students as compared to the regular classrooms. The online education system is also fast gearing up to the challenges imposed by the current job market. A number of online institutions do offer placement services to their students and many online courses are actively collaborating with the leading corporate concerns to upgrade and customize their courses so as to make their students more sought after and competitive in the real world. This essay makes a conclusion that with the ensuing advances in the telecommunication technology and the changing face of the society the world over, the online education system is expected to become more popular. It is the only way of taking education to each and every eligible aspirant. Definitely the standard modes of education are going to stay, but the real future of the world lies in the online dissemination of knowledge and facts

Balanced scorecard, “definition” Essay Example for Free

Balanced scorecard, â€Å"definition† Essay What is scorecard, how can we define scorecard, is it possible to provide a total comprehensive meaning? Scorecard is not a one word definition system, so in order to do justice to the question, what is scorecard, it is necessary to take a comprehensive approach to that question. â€Å"If you can measure it you can manage† that is the guiding concept behind the BSC management philosophy. The balanced scorecard system was designed by Kaplan and Norton in the 1990s with the objective of giving managers the tool to look into the long term prospect of their organizations with some measure of  reliability. So the BSC is both a management and a measurement tool that when fully and accurately implemented will enable businesses to develop their own vision, and their own strategy, and then translate those business elements into business actions. It is a system that can give businesses an authentic feedback about their internal and external results. And that in turn would enable them to develop a genuine strategy. Since a company with superior strategy and a way of measuring the results of its performance functions do better than companies that do not posses similar tool. (Kaplan Norton 1996). With BSC managers are able to a maintain a clear insight into the operations and management of all business units. It gives the manager the picture that he needs to see how the business is performing when it is compared against the plans, and stated objectives of the business. If a discrepancy is observed between the goals and the actual results, BSC enables practitioners to delve in and correct the noticed discrepancy. And when corrections are made effectively, the business would then redirect the necessary efforts and resources back to the expected reports. It has been  abundantly documented that companies that use BSC have a highly accurate and generally dependable view of their entire operations and its performance. BSC does not simply employ financial metrics in its measurements, but it uses customer satisfaction, technical and intellectual innovations, market share and market competition to garner better more reflective and more comprehensive results of company operations and performance. And there are very little doubts that this system is effective for those companies that have designed and executed the system. (Nevin 2003). A comprehensive  survey/questionnaire conducted by CIO. Com, Balancedscorecard. org, and Microsoft. com revealed that companies that employ BSC â€Å"have improved their financial and future position in the market place†. (Studentweb. tulane. edu). A study by Nevin 2003 indicates that about 50% of fortune 1000 corporations now have employed some form of BSC management performance metrics. (Nevin 2003). That alone means that all of these companies have used the BSC system to position themselves on a better financial and management future. With BSC organizations are able to articulate a comprehensive  strategy towards desired performance, and implementation success. On the whole the BSC system employs tree main systems in order to accomplish its objectives. It uses the measurement system, the strategic management system, and the communication tool. (Nevin 2003). These three factors present only as translation tool to the entire strategy of the BSC business system. The measurement system of BSC uses the â€Å"lead indicators† to forecast future business environment. It reveals the strategy via long term management that focuses on customer satisfaction, innovation and recognition of potential market competitors. It seeks out innovation for the benefit of superior products. It deploys essential resources in order to capture customers that it would retain for the long run. It looks for realistic ways to retain its customers. And it combines all of those factors for both effectiveness and efficiency. It is the measurement aspect of BSC that fully engages the four perspectives, so these perspectives will be discussed here in a little more detail. The four perspective as have been mentioned on this discourse include the customer perspective, the internal process perspective, and the learning and growth perspectives.

Essay --

Autism spectrum disorders are considered to be some of the most serious conditions in mental health of children. Many children diagnosed with Autism disorder also have intellectual disabilities. Research has shown that children diagnosed with both Autism disorder and intellectual disability often display self-injurious behaviors. (Matson & LoVullo, 2008) Self-injurious behaviors (SIB) are one of the most harmful behaviors displayed by people with various developmental disabilities. Because SIB is a major concern for children with ASD, early intervention is suggested to prevent additional damaging behaviors as the child gets older. The first step in preventing harmful behavior is to assess its function. The most common forms of these behaviors include: head banging, biting, and extreme self-rubbing and scratching. (Corte, Wolf & Locke, 1971) Self-injurious behaviors can be seen as "a class of behaviors, often highly repetitive and rhythmic, that result in physical harm to the individual displaying the behavior.† (Fee & Matson, 1992) Excessive self-rubbing or scratching may severe form of self-stimulation. The child may not be feeling normal levels of physical stimulation. The child may hurt their skin in order to obtain stimulation or increase arousal (Edelson, 1984). Self-injury is a major clinical problem that can result in s ignificant injury and even death (Hastings, 2002). Self-injurious behaviors are common in children with ASD according to research by Baghdadli, Pascal, Grisi, and Aussilloux (2003). Their findings show that 50% of children in the study experienced SIB, with 14.6% at severe levels. There are many possible reasons why a person may engage in self-injurious behavior, ranging from biochemical to the social envir... ...or change is also socially significant in their regular daily environment as well. Some behaviors are considered socially inappropriate and may even become stigmatizing to a child. Serious injurious behaviors in particular can have short and long term detrimental effects on a child and can impact their entire family. The concept of the social validity of treatments has, however, also been an important issue in behavior analysis for years. Reinforcement-based interventions, like differential reinforcement, and interventions that are relatively less intrusive are considered more traditional, and the acceptability of invasive interventions increases as problem severity increases. (Jones, K. M., & Lungaro, C. J., 2000) An important question for the present discussion is whether clients perceive interventions based on functional assessment as more socially acceptable.